TENSES

TENSES

BAB I

BASIC TENSES

1.1 AKTIVE AND PASIVE VOICE

Kalimat pasif atau dalam bahasa inggris di sebut dengan passive voice sering sekali di gunakan dalam berkomunikasi, passive voice merupakan cara alternative dalam menyampaikan sesuatu, kalau biasanya anda menyampaikan sesuatu dalam berkomunikasi dengan menggunakan kalimat aktif (active voice) maka sebagai alternative anda juga bisa menyampaikannya dengan menggunakan passive voice, intinya adalah bahwa passive voice ini merupakan kebalikan dari active voice. Gampangnya lagi, jika anda ingin menggunakan passive voice maka anda hanya tinggal mengubah active voice menjadi passive voice, artinya anda membalikkan kalimat aktif menjadi pasif.

Yang menjadi masalah sekarang adalah cara membaliknya itu, untuk membalikkan atau mengubah active voice menjadi passive voice tidak boleh sembarangan karena harus menggunakan rumus-rumus tertentu, maka dari itu untuk menciptakan sebuah passive voice anda harus mempelajari rumus-rumus tersebut. Namun sebelum anda mempelajari rumusnya, lebih baik pelajari terlebih dahulu dasar-dasar dari pengertian passive voice, berikut penjelasannya:

Pengertian Passive Voice

Passive voice (kalimat pasif) adalah kalimat yang subjeknya dikenai suatu pekerjaan atau aksi atau tindakan, artinya subjek tidak melakukan suatu tindakan/aksi dan hanya menerima suatu tindakan/aksi. Sudah jelas bahwa ini merupakan kebalikan dari active voice, dalam active voice subjek lah yang melakukan aksi atau tindakan dan tidak menerima aksi/tindakan. Untuk lebih memperjelas, perhatikan contoh berikut:

· Feri hits Budi. (Feri memukul Budi.) – Active voice

· Budi is hit by Feri. (Budi di pukul oleh Feri.) – Passive voice

Antara aktif dan pasif merupakan suatu kebalikan bukan? Pada active voice, Feri merupakan subjek, di mana dia melakukan suatu aksi/tindakan yaitu memukul Budi. Sedangkan pada passive voice, Budi sebagai subjek, di mana dia menerima aksi/tindakan dari Feri yaitu di pukul. Sedangkan untuk subjek, subjek sendiri dapat berupa noun, pronoun, ataupun noun phrase.

Namun sebagai catatan bahwa tidak semua kalimat aktif (active voice) dapat di rubah menjadi kalimat pasif (passif voice). Kalimat yang dapat di rubah menjadi kalimat pasif adalah kalimat aktif yang mempunyai objek, yaitu kalimat verbal yang memiliki kata kerja transitive.

Rumus Passive Voice

Pada dasarnya rumus passive voice hanya ada satu yaitu S + Auxiliary Verb + Past Participle. S berarti subjek, auxiliary verb berarti kata kerja bantu, dan past participle berarti verb3 (bentuk ketiga dari suatu kata kerja). Nah yang menjadi masalah sekarang adalah auxiliary verb yang seperti apa yang di gunakan, karena jika kita berkomunikasikan dapat menggunakan berbagai macam tenses, sehingga auxiliary verb yang di gunakan tentu saja dapat berbeda, untuk itulah rumus passive voice di atas harus di spesifikkan sesuai dengan tenses yang akan di gunakan.

Namun sebelumnya, anda harus paham terlebih dahulu dengan rumus-rumus tenses, baru kemudian mempelajari rumus passive voice sesuai dengan tenses, agar tidak bingung nantinya. Untuk yang belum paham rumus tenses, berikut rumusnya

EVENT/TIME	Present	Past	Future	Past future
Simple	S + is/am/are + Non verb S + verb1	S + was/were + non verb S + verb2	S + will + verb1 S + Be + Going to + Verb1	S + would + verb1
Continuous	S + is/am/are + verb.ing	S + was/were + verb.ing	S + will + be + verb.ing	S + would + be + verb.ing
Perfect	S + have/has + verb3	S + had + verb3	S + will + have + verb3	S + would + have + verb3
Perfect continuous	S + have/has + been + verb.ing	S + had + been + verb.ing	S + will + have + been + verb.ing	S + would + have + been + verb.ing

Perlu di ketahui juga bahwa rumus tenses di atas juga merupakan rumus active voice, jadi jika kalian ingin mengubah kalimat aktif yang termasuk dalam salah satu tenses, semisal kalimat aktif yang merupakan present continuous tense, maka untuk mengubahnya anda harus menggunakan rumus passive voice yang di gunakan pada present continuous tense, begitu juga untu semuanya.
Untuk rumus passive voice nya sendiri adalah sebagai berikut:

EVENT/TIME	Present	Past	Future	Past future
Simple	S + Is/am/are + Verb3	S + Was/were + Verb3	S + Will/shall + Be + Verb3	S + Would/should + Be + Verb3
Continuous	S + Is/am/are + Being + Verb3	S + Was/were + Being + Verb3	S + Was/were + Being +	S + Would/should + Be + Being + Verb3
Perfect	S + Have/has + Been + Verb3	S + Had + Been + Verb3	S + Will/shall + Have + Been + Verb3	S + Would/should + Have + Been + Verb3
Perfect continuous	S + Have/has + Been + Being + Verb3	S + Had + Been + Being + Verb3	S + Will/shall + Have + Been + being + verb3	S + Would/should + Have + Been + Being + Verb3

Contoh Kalimat Passive Voice

Nah setelah anda paham dengan apa yang di maksud passive voice, dan anda juga sudah mempelajari rumus-rumusnya, alangkah baiknya jika anda juga mencermati beberapa contoh kalimat passive voice yang akan saya berikan berikut ini, agar pemahaman anda menjadi lebih baik. Contoh kalimat passive voice yang akan saya berikan ini juga akan di sertai dengan kalimat aktifnya, agar anda tahu asal mula pembalikannya, berikut contoh kalimatnya:

Contoh Active Voice	Contoh Passive Voice
Andi buys a book.	A book is bought by Andi.
A thief had stolen much money.	Much money had been stolen by a thief.
Didik will pay the newspaper.	The newspaper will be paid by Didik.
Dina calls me every day.	I am called by Dina every day.
They are studying English right now.	English is being studied by them right now.
The mechanic has been repairing my car.	My car has been repaired by the mechanic.
She will have finished Shinta’s report before the meeting begins tomorrow.	Shinta’s report will have been finished by her before the meeting begins tomorrow.
We did the test yesterday.	The test was done by us yesterday.
Shanti was watching some movies.	Some movies were being watched by Shanti.
My father buys me a book.	I am bought a book by my father.
My father buys a book to me.	A book is bought to me by my father.

1.2 Comparision

Comparison atau bentuk perbandingan adalah kata sifat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan tingkat perbandingan. Dalam bahasa Inggris menggunakan 3 bentuk perbandingan, yaitu :

1. Positive Degree
2. Comparative Degree
3. Superlative Degree

Contoh :
- Widia is as big as Ajeng. ---------------> Positive Degree
(Widia sama besarnya dengan Ajeng.)
- Rina is bigger than Widia. ---------------> Comparative Degree
(Rina lebih besar daripada Widia)
- Mira is the biggest. ---------------> Superlative Degree
(Mira paling besar.)

1. POSITIVE DEGREE

Positive Degree (Tingkatan Biasa) adalah kata sifat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu benda atau orang dalam keadaan sama dengan yang lainnya. Susunan kalimat ini dibentuk dengan menempatkan kata sifat ( adjectives) diantara dua as.

to be + as + adjective + as

Contoh :
- He is as tall as his uncle.
(Dia sama tinggi dengan pamannya.)
- Najlia is as smart as Rania.
(Najlia sama pandainya dengan Rania.)
- You are as small as my sister.
(Kamu sama kecilnya dengan kakak perempuan saya.)

2. COMPARATIVE DEGREE

Comparative Degree (Tingkatan Lebih) digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa keadaan suatu benda atau orang lebih dari yang lainnya. Aturan pembentukan kalimat ini adalah sebagai berikut :

to be + comparative + than

Keterangan :
- Tambahkan akhiran "er" pada kata sifat ( adjectives ) yang pendek (umumnya terdiri dari satu atau dua suku kata), gabungkan dengan kata "than".
- Untuk kata sifat ( adjectives ) yang lebih panjang (lebih dari dua suku kata) umumnya didahului dengan kata "more" sebelum kata sifat, kemudian diikuti dengan kata "than".

Contoh :

- My house is larger than Doni's house.
(Rumah saya lebih luas daripada rumah Doni.)
- Magazine is more interesting than newspaper.
(Majalah lebih menarik daripada koran.)
- Mr.Jack is richer than Mr. Black.
(Tuan Jack lebih kaya daripada Tuan Black.)

Keterangan :

1. Kata sifat yang berakhiran huruf -e diubah menjadi comparative dengan menambahkan -r.
Contoh :
- brave : berani ---> braver : lebih berani
- large : luas ---> larger : lebih luas
- wide : lebar ---> wider : lebih lebar
- safe : aman ---> safer : lebih aman
- fine : bagus ---> finer : lebih bagus

2. Kata sifat yang terdiri dari satu suku kata dan berakhiran dengan huruf mati dapat diubah menjadi comparative dengan menambahkan -er
- hard : keras ---> harder : lebih keras
- high : tinggi ---> higher : lebih tinggi
- low : rendah ---> lower : lebih rendah
- slow : pelan ---> slower : lebih pelan
- young ; muda ---> younger : lebih muda

3. Kata sifat yang berakhiran huruf mati setelah satu huruf hidup yang berbunyi dapat diubah menjadi comparative dengan menggandakan huruf mati tersebut dan kemudian menambahkan -er.

- big : besar ---> : bigger: lebih besar
- fat : gemuk ---> fatter : lebih gemuk
- hot : panas ---> hotter : lebih panas
- thin : kurus ---> thinner : lebih kurus

4. Kata sifat yang berakhiran huruf -y setelah huruf mati dapat diubah menjadi comparative dengan menggantikan huruf -y dengan huruf -i kemudian ditambahkan -er.

- crazy : gila ---> crazier : lebih gila
- easy : mudah ---> easier : lebih mudah
- happy : gembira ---> happier : lebih gembira
- lazy : mlas ---> lazier : lebih malas
- tidy : rapi ---> tidier : lebih rapi

5.Kata sifat yang berakhiran huruf -r, -er, -le, -ow dapat diubah menjadi comparative dengan menambahkan -er.

- clever : pandai ---> cleverer : lebih pandai
- near : dekat ---> nearer : lebih dekat
- poor : miskin ---> poorer : lebih miskin
- narrow : sempit ---> narrower : lebih sempit
- shallow : dangkal ---> shallower : lebih dangkal

6. Kata sifat yang terdiri dari tiga suku kata atau lebih dapat diubah menjadi comparative dengan menambahkan more.

- beautiful : cantik ---> more beautiful : lebih cantik
- delicious : enak ---> more delicious : lebih enak
- difficult : sulit ---> more difficult : lebih sulit
- important : penting ---> more important : lebih penting
- useful : berguna ---> more useful : lebih berguna

7. Beberapa kata sifat diubah menjadi comparative dengan pola yang tidak beraturan.

- good : bagus ---> better : lebih bagus
- bad : buruk ---> worse : lebih buruk
- little : sedikit ---> less : lebih sedikit
- much : banyak ---> more : lebih banyak
- far : jauh ---> farther/further : lebih jauh

3. SUPERLATIVE DEGREE

Superlative Degree (Tingkatan Paling) digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu benda atau orang adalah paling dibanding lainnya.

to be + the superlative

Keterangan :
- Tambahkan akhiran "est" pada kalimat adjective yang pendek (umumnya yang terdiri dari satu atau dua suku kata). Dahului dengan kata sandang "the".
- Untuk kata sifat (adjectives) yang lebih panjang (lebih dari dua suku kata) umumnya didahului dengan kata "most" sebelum kata sifat itu. Dahului dengan kata "the".
- Kata sifat yang berakhiran dengan huruf -e diubah menjadi superlative dengan menambahkan huruf "-est".

Keterangan :

1. Kata sifat yang berakhiran huruf -e diubah menjadi superlative dengan menambahkan -st.
Contoh :
- brave : berani ---> bravest : paling berani
- large : luas ---> largest : paling luas
- wide : lebar ---> widest : paling lebar
- safe : aman ---> safest : paling aman
- fine : bagus ---> finest : paling bagus

2. Kata sifat yang terdiri dari satu suku kata dan berakhiran dengan huruf mati dapat diubah menjadi superlative dengan menambahkan -est
- hard : keras ---> hardest : paling keras
- high : tinggi ---> highest : paling tinggi
- low : rendah ---> lowest: paling rendah
- slow : pelan ---> slowest : paling pelan
- young ; muda ---> youngest : lpaling muda

3. Kata sifat yang berakhiran huruf mati setelah satu huruf hidup yang berbunyi dapat diubah menjadi superlative dengan menggandakan huruf mati tersebut dan kemudian menambahkan -est.

- big : besar ---> : biggest: paling besar
- fat : gemuk ---> fattest : paling gemuk
- hot : panas ---> hottest : paling panas
- thin : kurus ---> thinnest : paling kurus

4. Kata sifat yang berakhiran huruf -y setelah huruf mati dapat diubah menjadi superlative dengan menggantikan huruf -y dengan huruf -i kemudian ditambahkan -est.

- crazy : gila ---> craziest : paling gila
- easy : mudah ---> easiest : paling mudah
- happy : gembira ---> happiest : paling gembira
- lazy : mlas ---> laziest : paling malas
- tidy : rapi ---> tidiest : paling rapi

5.Kata sifat yang berakhiran huruf -r, -er, -le, -ow dapat diubah menjadi superlative dengan menambahkan -est.
- clever : pandai ---> cleverest : paling pandai
- near : dekat ---> nearest : paling dekat
- poor : miskin ---> poorest : paling miskin
- narrow : sempit ---> narrowest : paling sempit
- shallow : dangkal ---> shallowest : lpaling dangkal

6. Kata sifat yang terdiri dari tiga suku kata atau lebih dapat diubah menjadi superlative dengan menambahkan most.

- beautiful : cantik ---> most beautiful : paling cantik
- delicious : enak ---> most delicious : paling enak
- difficult : sulit ---> most difficult : paling sulit
- important : penting ---> most important : paling penting
- useful : berguna ---> most useful : paling berguna

7. Beberapa kata sifat diubah menjadi superlative dengan pola yang tidak beraturan.
- good : bagus ---> beest : paling bagus
- bad : buruk ---> worst : paling buruk
- little : sedikit ---> least : paling sedikit
- much : banyak ---> most : paling banyak
- far : jauh ---> farthest/furthest : paling jauh

1.3 Artikular a/an

Artikel merupakan sebuah bentuk kata sifat (adjective) yang menunjukkan seberapa khusus atau seberapa umum sebuah kata kata benda. Ada tiga jenis artikel, yaitu: the, a/an, dan yang tidak memiliki article (zero article).

1. A/An – Artikel tak tentu

A digunakan untuk sesuatu yang tidak tentu. Sebagai contoh:

* I have a book (saya punya sebuah buku). Kalimat ini menandakan bahwa saya tidak memiliki buku spesifik, hanya buku secara umum.
* She lives in a house (dia tinggal di sebuah rumah). Rumah pada kalimat ini hanya merupakan rumah yang umum, bukan rumah spesifik.

A juga digunakan hanya untuk kata benda tunggal yagn dapat dihitung. Misalnya:

* A book, a chair, a person, a building, etc.

An memiliki makna yang sama dengan a.
A digunakan di depan kata-kata yang dimulai dengan huruf konsonan, seperti b, c, d, g, p.
An digunakan di depan kata-kata yang dimulai dengan huruf/bunyi vokal seperti a, e, i, o, atau u. Misalnya:

* a bear, a fox, a nespaper
* an apple, an egg, an umbrella

An juga bisa digunakan di depan kata-kata yang dimulai dengan huruf “h”.
Terkadang An bisa digunakan bisa juga tidak, misalnya: a hotel, atau “an hotel”. Disini bunyi “h” pada kata hotel dilafalkan.
Tetapi terkadang juga An harus digunakan di depan kata yang dimulai dengan huruf “h”. Misalnya: an honor, bukan a honor. Bunyi “h” pada kata honor tidak dilafalkan, sehingga kata ini sebenarnya dimulai dengan bunyi vokal “o”. Jadi, kita perlu menggunakan an.

Perbedaan penggunaan article A vs AN.

Sebagai article, ‘ a ‘ dan ‘ an ‘ artinya adalah satu. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, kedua article ini dapat diterjemahkan menjadi sebuah/seorang/seekor/sehelai dst. Hal ini tergantung dari noun yang mengikutinya. Misalnya,

·an apple = sebuah apel

·a lady = seorang wanita

·a tiger = seekor harimau

·a leaf = sehelai daun, dst.

Penggunaan A dan AN

1. a dan an hanya dapat diikuti oleh singular nouns (benda tunggal), tetapitidak pernah secara langsung diikuti oleh uncountable nouns (benda tidak dapat dihitung). Olehnya itu, akan INCORRECT jika anda menulis,

· I need a water. (water: uncountable noun)

· I just ate a bread. (bread: uncountable noun)

· She just heard a bad news about her parents. (news: uncountable noun)

Kalimat ini akan menjadi benar jika article a dihilangkan atau jika di depan uncountable nouns (i.e. water dan bread) ditambahkan penakar (container) atau pengukur yang berfungsi untuk menyatakan berapa banyak/volume/ukuran dari uncountable nouns tersebut.

·I need water. Atau I need a glass of water.

· I just ate bread. Atau: I just ate a big slice of bread.

·She just heard bad news about her parents. Atau: She just heard a piece of bad news about her parents.

Kapan kita gunakan a dan kapan kita gunakan an dapat dibaca pada topikNoun (part 2): Countable. Selain itu, noun yang tergolong ke dalamuncountable noun juga harus diketahui, sebab article a dan an tidak digunakan jika diikuti oleh uncountable nouns.

2. a dan an digunakan untuk mengekspresikan sebuah singular noun secara umum (in general).

Contoh:

1. A football is usually made of leather. ( leather = kulit. Note: dalam konteks ini, jangan gunakan kata skin. Leather adalah animal skin yang sudah diolah).

2. An artist should keep a good relationship with fans.

3. a dan an digunakan untuk merujuk ke sebuah singular noun yang belum pernah disebutkan sebelumnya.

Contoh:

1. I met a guy last night.

2. My company just built a new skyscraper. (skyscraper = gedung pencakar langit)

BAB II

TENSES

2.1 Simple Present Tenses

The simple present tense in English is used to describe an action that is regular, true or normal.

We use the present tense:

1. For repeated or regular actions in the present time period.

I take the train to the office.
The train to Berlin leaves every hour.
John sleeps eight hours every night during the week.

2. For facts.

The President of The USA lives in The White House.
A dog has four legs.
We come from Switzerland.

3. For habits.

I get up early every day.
Carol brushes her teeth twice a day.
They travel to their country house every weekend.

4. For things that are always / generally true.

It rains a lot in winter.
The Queen of England lives in Buckingham Palace.
They speak English at work.

Verb Conjugation & Spelling

We form the present tense using the base form of the infinitive (without the TO).

In general, in the third person we add 'S' in the third person.

Subject	Verb	The Rest of the sentence
I / you / we / they	speak / learn	English at home
he / she / it	speaks / learns	English at home

The spelling for the verb in the third person differs depending on the ending of that verb:

1. For verbs that end in -O, -CH, -SH, -SS, -X, or -Z we add -ES in the third person.

go – goes
catch – catches
wash – washes
kiss – kisses
fix – fixes
buzz – buzzes

2. For verbs that end in a consonant + Y, we remove the Y and add -IES.

marry – marries
study – studies
carry – carries
worry – worries

NOTE: For verbs that end in a vowel + Y, we just add -S.

play – plays
enjoy – enjoys
say – says

Negative Sentences in the Simple Present Tense

To make a negative sentence in English we normally use Don't or Doesn't with all verbs EXCEPT To Be and Modal verbs (can, might, should etc.).

Affirmative: You speak French.
Negative: You don't speak French.

You will see that we add don't between the subject and the verb. We use Don't when the subject is I, you, we or they.

Affirmative: He speaks German.
Negative: He doesn't speak German.

When the subject is he, she or it, we add doesn't between the subject and the verb to make a negative sentence. Notice that the letter S at the end of the verb in the affirmative sentence (because it is in third person) disappears in the negative sentence. We will see the reason why below.

Negative Contractions

Don't = Do not
Doesn't = Does not

I don't like meat = I do not like meat.

There is no difference in meaning though we normally use contractions in spoken English.

Word Order of Negative Sentences

The following is the word order to construct a basic negative sentence in English in the Present Tense using Don't or Doesn't.

Subject	don't/doesn't	Verb*	The Rest of the sentence
I / you / we / they	don't	have / buy eat / like etc.	cereal for breakfast
he / she / it	doesn't	have / buy eat / like etc.	cereal for breakfast

* Verb: The verb that goes here is the base form of the infinitive = The infinitive without TO before the verb. Instead of the infinitive To have it is just the have part.

Remember that the infinitive is the verb before it is conjugated (changed) and it begins with TO. For example: to have, to eat, to go, to live, to speak etc.

Examples of Negative Sentences with Don't and Doesn't:

You don't speak Arabic.
John doesn't speak Italian.
We don't have time for a rest.
It doesn't move.
They don't want to go to the party.
She doesn't like fish.

Questions in the Simple Present Tense

To make a question in English we normally use Do or Does. It has no translation in Spanish though it is essential to show we are making a question. It is normally put at the beginning of the question.

Affirmative: You speak English.
Question: Do you speak English?

You will see that we add DO at the beginning of the affirmative sentence to make it a question. We use Do when the subject is I, you, we or they.

Affirmative: He speaks French.
Question: Does he speak French?

When the subject is he, she or it, we add DOES at the beginning to make the affirmative sentence a question. Notice that the letter S at the end of the verb in the affirmative sentence (because it is in third person) disappears in the question. We will see the reason why below.

We DON'T use Do or Does in questions that have the verb To Be or Modal Verbs (can, must, might, should etc.)

Word Order of Questions with Do and Does

The following is the word order to construct a basic question in English using Do or Does.

Do/Does	Subject	Verb*	The Rest of the sentence
Do	I / you / we / they	have / need want etc.	a new bike?
Does	he / she / it	have / need want etc.	a new bike?

*Verb: The verb that goes here is the base form of the infinitive = The infinitive without TO before the verb. Instead of the infinitive To have it is just the have part.

Remember that the infinitive is the verb before it is conjugated (changed) and it begins with TO. For example: to have, to eat, to go, to live, to speak etc.

Examples of Questions with Do and Does:

Do you need a dictionary?
Does Mary need a dictionary?
Do we have a meeting now?
Does it rain a lot in winter?
Do they want to go to the party?
Does he like pizza?

Short Answers with Do and Does

In questions that use do/does it is possible to give short answers to direct questions as follows:

Sample Questions	Short Answer (Affirmative)	Short Answer (Negative)
Do you like chocolate?	Yes, I do.	No, I don't.
Do I need a pencil?	Yes, you do.	No, you don't.
Do you both like chocolate?	Yes, we do.	No, we don't.
Do they like chocolate?	Yes, they do.	No, they don't.
Does he like chocolate?	Yes, he does.	No, he doesn't.
Does she like chocolate?	Yes, she does.	No, she doesn't.
Does it have four wheels?	Yes, it does.	No, it doesn't.

However, if a question word such as who, when, where, why, which or how is used in the question, you can not use the short answers above to respond to the question.

2.2 Present Continuous Tenses

The present continuous of any verb is composed of two parts - the present tense of the verb to be + the present participle of the main verb.

(The form of the present participle is: base + ing, e.g. talking, playing, moving, smiling)

Affirmative
Subject	+ to be	+ base + ing
She	is	talking.
Negative
Subject	+ to be + not	+ base + ing
She	is not (isn't)	Talking
Interrogative
to be	+ subject	+ base + ing
Is	she	talking?

EXAMPLES: TO GO, PRESENT CONTINUOUS


Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I am going	I am not going	Am I going?
You are going	You aren't going.	Are you going?
He, she, it is going	He, she, it isn't going	Is he, she, it going?
We are going	We aren't going	Are we going?
You are going	You aren't going	Are you going?
They are going	They aren't going	Are they going?

Note: alternative negative contractions: I'm not going, you're not going, he's not going etc.

FUNCTIONS OF THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

As with all tenses in English, the speaker's attitude is as important as the time of the action or event. When someone uses the present continuous, they are thinking about something that is unfinished or incomplete

SENSES / PERCEPTION

to feel*
to hear
to see*
to smell
to taste

EMOTIONS / DESIRES

to envy
to fear
to dislike
to hate
to hope
to like
to love
to mind
to prefer
to regret
to want
to wish

OPINION

to assume
to believe
to consider
to doubt
to feel (= to think)
to find (= to consider)
to suppose
to think*

MEASUREMENT

to contain
to cost
to hold
to measure
to weigh

MENTAL STATES

to forget
to imagine
to know
to mean
to notice
to recognise
to remember
to understand

OTHERS

to look (=resemble)
to seem
to be (in most cases)
to have(when it means "to possess")*

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS IS USED:

to describe an action that is going on at this moment: You are using the Internet. You are studying English grammar.
to describe an action that is going on during this period of time or a trend: Are you still working for the same company? More and more peopleare becoming vegetarian.
to describe an action or event in the future, which has already been planned or prepared: We're going on holiday tomorrow. I'm meeting my boyfriend tonight. Are they visiting you next winter?
to describe a temporary event or situation: He usually plays the drums, but he's playing bass guitar tonight. The weather forecast was good, but it's raining at the moment.
with "always, forever, constantly", to describe and emphasis a continuing series of repeated actions: Harry and Sally are always arguing! You’re constantly complaining about your mother-in-law!

VERBS THAT ARE NOT USUALLY USED IN THE CONTINUOUS FORM

The verbs in the list below are normally used in the simple form because they refer to states, rather than actions or processes.

EXCEPTIONS

Perception verbs (see, hear, feel, taste, smell) are often used with can: : I can see... These verbs may be used in the continuous form but with a different meaning

This coat feels nice and warm. (your perception of the coat's qualities)
John's feeling much better now (his health is improving)
She has three dogs and a cat. (possession)
She's having supper. (She's eating)
I can see Anthony in the garden (perception)
I'm seeing Anthony later (We are planning to meet)

2.3 Present Perfect Tenses

The Present Perfect Tense is formed using the following structure:

Affirmative: Subject + Have / Has + Past Participle

Negative: Subject + Haven't / Hasn't + Past Participle

Question: Have / Has + Subject + Past Participle

Affirmative Sentences

Subject	Have	Past Participle	Rest of the Sentence
I	have	studied	for the exam.
You	have	bought	a new computer.
He	has	eaten	my chocolate.
She	has	written	an e-mail.
It	has	been	cold this month.
We	have	won	the championship.
You	have	tried	to learn a lot.
They	have	forgotten	my birthday.

Contractions

The contracted form of the perfect tense is quite common:

Have	Contraction	Examples
I have	I've	I've spent all my money.
You have	You've	You've worn that dress before.
He has	He's	He's slept all morning.
She has	She's	She's lost her purse.
It has	It's	It's fallen off the wall.
We have	We've	We've chosen you for the job.
You have	You've	You've begun to annoy me.
They have	They've	They've drunk too much.

We use contractions a lot when we are speaking.

Negative Sentences

The contraction of the perfect tense in negative form is:
Have not = Haven't
Has not = Hasn't

Subject	Have	Past Participle	Rest of the Sentence
I	haven't	studied	for the exam.
You	haven't	bought	a new computer.
He	hasn't	eaten	my chocolate.
She	hasn't	written	an e-mail.
It	hasn't	been	cold this month.
We	haven't	won	the championship.
You	haven't	tried	to learn a lot.
They	haven't	forgotten	my birthday.

Questions

Have	Subject	Past Participle	Rest of the Sentence
Have	I	been	chosen for the team?
Have	you	bought	a new car?
Has	he	eaten	my sandwich?
Has	she	written	the letter?
Has	it	started	on time?
Have	we	won	a trophy?
Have	you	kept	my secret?
Have	they	driven	there?

When do we use the Present Perfect Tense?

1. Unspecified point in the past

I have been to Spain three times.
(At some unspecified time in the past, I went to Spain).

Compare with the simple past:

I went to Spain three times in 2005.
(specified time in the past - the year 2005)

2. An action that occurred in the past, but has a result in the present (now)

We can't find our luggage. Have you seen it?
(The luggage was lost in the past, do you know where it is now?)

3. Talking about general experiences (ever, never)

It usually refers to an event happening at some moment in your life.

Has she ever tried Chilean wine before? (in her life)
I've never eaten monkey brains before. (in my life)

4. Events that recently occurred (just)

Do you want to go to a restaurant with me?
No, thanks. I've just eaten lunch. (I recently ate lunch.)

5. Events that have occurred up to now (yet)

Are Carlos and Rodrigo here? No, they haven't arrived yet. (they're still not here now)

6. Events that occurred before you expected (already)

I've already graduated from University. (I expected to graduate at a later date.)

7. Events that began in the past and haven't changed (for, since)

Mike has worked at Woodward for 3 years.
(Mike started working at Woodward 3 years ago and he still works there now.)
Julie has worked at Woodward since September last year.
(Julie began working at Woodward in September of last year, and that hasn't changed - she still works here now.)

2.4 Simple Past Tenses

The simple past is used to talk about a completed action in a time before now. Duration is not important. The time of the action can be in the recent past or the distant past.

EXAMPLES

· John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.

· My father died last year.

· He lived in Fiji in 1976.

· We crossed the Channel yesterday.

You always use the simple past when you say when something happened, so it is associated with certain past time expressions

frequency: often, sometimes, always
I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
I often brought my lunch to school.
a definite point in time: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago
We saw a good film last week.
Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
She finished her work atseven o'clock
I went to the theatre last night
an indefinite point in time: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago People lived in caves a long time ago.
She played the piano when she was a child.

Note: the word ago is a useful way of expressing the distance into the past. It is placed after the period of time: a week ago, three years ago, a minute ago.

Be Careful: The simple past in English may look like a tense in your own language, but the meaning may be different.

FORMING THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

PATTERNS OF SIMPLE PAST TENSE FOR REGULAR VERBS

Affirmative
Subject	+ verb + ed
I	skipped.
Negative
Subject	+ did not	+ infinitive without to
They	didn't	go.
Interrogative
Did	+ subject	+ infinitive without to
Did	she	arrive?
Interrogative negative
Did not	+ subject	+ infinitive without to
Didn't	you	play?

TO WALK

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I walked	I didn't walk	Did I walk?
You walked	You didn't walk	Did you walk?
He walked	He didn't walk	Did he walk?
We walked	We didn't walk	Did we walk?
They walked	They didn't walk	Did they walk?

SIMPLE PAST TENSE OF TO BE, TO HAVE, TO DO

Subject	Verb
	Be	Have	Do
I	was	had	did
You	were	had	did
He/She/It	was	had	did
We	were	had	did
You	were	had	did
They	were	had	did

NOTES ON AFFIRMATIVE, NEGATIVE, & INTERROGATIVE FORMS

AFFIRMATIVE

The affirmative of the simple past tense is simple.

I was in Japan last year
She had a headache yesterday.
We did our homework last night.

NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE

For the negative and interrogative simple past form of "do" as an ordinary verb, use the auxiliary "do", e.g. We didn't do our homework last night.
The negative of "have" in the simple past is usually formed using the auxiliary "do", but sometimes by simply adding not or the contraction "n't".

The interrogative form of "have" in the simple past normally uses the auxiliary "do".

EXAMPLES

They weren't in Rio last summer.
We didn't have any money.
We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
We didn't do our exercises this morning.
Were they in Iceland last January?
Did you have a bicycle when you were young?
Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?

Note: For the negative and interrogative form of all verbs in the simple past, always use the auxiliary 'did''.

SIMPLE PAST, IRREGULAR VERBS

Some verbs are irregular in the simple past. Here are the most common ones.

TO GO

He went to a club last night.
Did he go to the cinema last night?
He didn't go to bed early last night.

TO GIVE

We gave her a doll for her birthday.
They didn't give John their new address.
Did Barry give you my passport?

TO COME

My parents came to visit me last July.
We didn't come because it was raining.
Did he come to your party last week?

2.5 Past Continuous Tenses

The past continuous describes actions or events in a time before now, which began in the past and is still going on at the time of speaking. In other words, it expresses an unfinished or incomplete action in the past.

It is used:

Often, to describe the background in a story written in the past tense, e.g. "The sun was shining and the birds were singing as the elephant came out of the jungle. The other animals were relaxing in the shade of the trees, but the elephant moved very quickly. She was looking for her baby, and she didn't notice the hunter who was watching her through his binoculars. When the shot rang out, she was running towards the river..."
to describe an unfinished action that was interrupted by another event or action, e.g. "I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang."
to express a change of mind: e.g. "I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've decided to get my homework done instead."
with 'wonder', to make a very polite request: e.g. "I was wondering if you could baby-sit for me tonight."

EXAMPLES

They were waiting for the bus when the accident happened.
Caroline was skiing when she broke her leg.
When we arrived he was having a bath.
When the fire started I was watching television.

Note: with verbs not normally used in the continuous form, the simple past is used.

FORMING THE PAST CONTINUOUS

The past continuous of any verb is composed of two parts : the past tense of the verb "to be" (was/were), and the base of the main verb +ing.

Subject	was/were	base + ing
They	were	watching
Affirmative
She	was	reading
Negative
She	wasn't	reading
Interrogative
Was	she	reading?
Interrogative negative
Wasn't	she	reading?

TO PLAY, PAST CONTINUOUS

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I was playing	I was not playing	Was I playing?
You were playing	You were not playing	Were you playing?
He was playing	He wasn't playing	Was he playing?
We were playing	We weren't playing	Were we playing?
They were playing	They weren't playing	Were they playing?

2.6 Simple Future Tenses

The simple future refers to a time later than now, and expresses facts or certainty. In this case there is no 'attitude'.

The simple future is used:

To predict a future event:
It will rain tomorrow.
With I or We, to express a spontaneous decision:
I'll pay for the tickets by credit card.
To express willingness: I'll do the washing-up.
He'll carry your bag for you.
In the negative form, to express unwillingness:
The baby won't eat his soup.
I won't leave until I've seen the manager!
With I in the interrogative form using "shall", to make an offer:
Shall I open the window?
With we in the interrogative form using "shall", to make a suggestion:
Shall we go to the cinema tonight?
With I in the interrogative form using "shall", to ask for advice or instructions:
What shall I tell the boss about this money?
With you, to give orders:
You will do exactly as I say.
With you in the interrogative form, to give an invitation:
Will you come to the dance with me?
Will you marry me?

Note:In modern English will is preferred to shall. Shall is mainly used with I and we to make an offer or suggestion, or to ask for advice (see examples above). With the other persons (you, he, she, they) shall is only used in literary or poetic situations, e.g. "With rings on her fingers and bells on her toes, She shall have music wherever she goes."

FORMING THE SIMPLE FUTURE

The simple future tense is composed of two parts: will / shall + the infinitive without to

Subject	will	infinitive without to
Affirmative
I	will	go
I	shall	go
Negative
They	will not	see
They	won't	see
Interrogative
Will	she	ask?
Interrogative negative
Won't	they	try?

CONTRACTIONS

I will = I'll
We will = we'll
You will = you'll
He will = he'll
She will = she'll
They will = they'll
Will not = won't

The form "it will" is not normally shortened.

TO SEE: SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative	Interrogative Negative
I will see	I won't see	Will I see?	Won't I see?
I shall see*		*Shall I see?
You will see	You won't see	Will you see?	Won't you see?
He will see	He won't see	Will he see?	Won't he see?
We will see	We won't see	Will we see?	Won't we see?
We shall see*		*Shall we see?
They will see	They won't see	Will they see?	Won't they see?

*Shall is dated, but it is still commonly used instead of "will" with the affirmative or interrogative forms of I and we in certain cases (see above).